History
Antiquity
Remnants of civilization in the greater
Bengal region date back four thousand years,
[10] when the region was settled by
Indo-Aryan,
Dravidian,
Tibeto-Burman, and
Austroasiatic peoples. The exact origin of the word "Bangla" or "Bengal" is not known, though it is believed to be derived from
Bang/Vanga, the tribe that settled in the area around the year 1000 BCE.
[11]
The early history of Bengal featured the rise of
Vedic states, a succession of Buddhist empires and Hindu dynasties. During the first millennium BCE, the region was home to the
janapadas such as
Vanga and
Pundravardhana. The
Gangaridai state arose in the 7th century BCE, and flourished as a seafaring nation. The region was conquered by
Emperor Ashoka in the 2nd century BCE, and was absorbed into the
Mauryan Empire. Bengal was later part of the
Gupta Empire and the
Harsha Empire. Following its collapse, a dynamic Bengali named
Shashanka founded an impressive short-lived kingdom. After a period of anarchy, the Bengali
Buddhist Pala dynasty ruled the region for four hundred years, followed by a shorter reign of the
Hindu Sena dynasty.
Islam was introduced to Bengal in the 9th century, by Arab Muslim traders and
Sufi missionaries. Subsequent Muslim rule helped spread Islam throughout the region.
[12] Bakhtiar Khilji, a Turkish general, defeated
Lakshman Sen of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal in the year 1204. The
Sultanate of Bengal was established by
Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah
in 1342, and ruled the region for the next few hundred years. The
Sultans contributed to the development of Bengali culture through
patronizing literature and art, and promoted trade and political
relations with China and Persia. By the 16th century, the
Mughal Empire
controlled Bengal, and Dhaka became an important provincial center of
administration. Under the Mughals, agrarian reforms and increased
foreign trade brought a high level of prosperity to the region, giving
rise to the reputation of "Golden Bengal".
Medieval European geographers located paradise at the mouth of the
Ganges
and although this was overhopeful, Bengal was probably the wealthiest
part of the subcontinent until the 17th century. From 1517 onwards,
Portuguese traders were traversing the sea-route to Bengal. Only in
1537, were they allowed to settle and open customs houses at Chittagong.
In 1577, Mughal emperor Akbar permitted the Portuguese to build
permanent settlements and churches in Bengal.
[13] The influence of European traders grew until the
British East India Company gained control of Bengal following the
Battle of Plassey in 1757.
[14] The bloody rebellion of 1857—known as the
Sepoy Mutiny—resulted in transfer of authority to the
crown with a British
viceroy running the administration.
[15] During colonial rule, famine racked South Asia many times, including the war-induced
Great Bengal famine of 1943 that claimed 3 million lives.
[16]
The
Maratha Empire,
a Hindu empire which overran the Mughals in the 18th century, also
devastated the territories controlled by the Nawab of Bengal between
1742 and 1751. In a series of raids on Bengal and Bihar, then ruled by
the Nawab, Maratha demolished much of the Bengali economy, which was
unable to withstand the continuous onslaught of Maratha for long. Nawab
Ali Vardi Khan made peace with
Maratha by ceding the whole of Orissa and parts of Western Bengal to the empire. In addition, this a tax – the
Chauth, amounting to a quarter of total revenue – was imposed on other parts of Bengal and Bihar. This tax amounted to twenty
lakhs (of rupees?) for Bengal and 12 lakhs for Bihar per year.
[17][18]
After Maratha's defeat in Panipat by a coalition of Muslim forces, the
empire returned under the Maratha general Madhoji Sindhia and raided
Bengal again. The British Empire stopped payment of the Chauth, invading
the territory of Bengal in 1760s. The raids continued until Maratha was
finally defeated by the British over the course of three
Anglo-Maratha Wars, lasting from 1777 to 1818.
20th century
Between 1905 and 1911, an
abortive attempt was made to divide the
province of Bengal into two zones, with Dhaka being the capital of the eastern zone.
[19] With the exit of the
British Empire in 1947, Bengal was
partitioned along religious lines, with the western part going to newly created
India and the eastern part (Muslim majority) joining
Pakistan as a province called
East Bengal (later renamed
East Pakistan), with its capital at Dhaka.
[20] In 1950, land reform was accomplished in East Bengal with the abolishment of the feudal
zamindari system.
[21]
Despite the economic and demographic weight of the east, however,
Pakistan's government and military were largely dominated by the upper
classes from the west. The
Bengali Language Movement of 1952 was the first sign of friction between the two wings of Pakistan.
[22]
Dissatisfaction with the central government over economic and cultural
issues continued to rise through the next decade, during which the
Awami League emerged as the political voice of the Bengali-speaking population. It agitated for
autonomy in the 1960s, and in 1966, its president,
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Mujib), was jailed; he was released in 1969 after an unprecedented popular uprising. In 1970, a massive
cyclone devastated the coast of East Pakistan, killing up to half a million people,
[23] and the central government responded poorly. The Bengali population's anger was compounded when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, whose
Awami League won a majority in Parliament in the 1970 elections,
[24] was blocked from taking office.
After staging compromise talks with Mujib, President
Yahya Khan and military officials launched
Operation Searchlight,
[25]
a sustained military assault on East Pakistan and arrested him in the
early hours of 26 March 1971. Yahya's methods were extremely bloody, and
the violence of the war resulted in many civilian deaths.
[26] Chief targets included intellectuals and Hindus, and about one million
refugees fled to neighbouring India.
[27] Estimates of those
massacred throughout the war range from thirty thousand to 3,000,000.
[28] Mujibur Rahman was ultimately released on 8 January 1972, due to direct US intervention.
[29]
Awami League leaders set up a government-in-exile in
Calcutta,
India. The exile government formally took oath at Meherpur, in Kustia
district of East Pakistan on 17 April 1971, with Tajuddin Ahmad as the
first Prime Minister and Syed Nazrul Islam as the Acting President. The
Bangladesh Liberation War lasted for nine months. The
Bangladesh Forces formed within 11
sectors
led by General M.A.G. Osmani consisting of Bengali Regular forces
conducted a massive guerilla war against the Pakistan Forces with
support from the
Mukti Bahinis consisting of Kaderia Bahni, Hemayet Bahini, and others financed and equipped by
Indian Armed Forces
Maj. Gen. Sujat Singh Uban. The Indian Army, assisted by Bangladeshi
forces, negotiated a cease-fire and surrounded the Dhaka Area. The
Indian Army remained in Bangladesh until 19 March 1972.
After its independence, Bangladesh was governed by an Awami League
government, with Mujib as the Prime Minister, without holding any
elections. In the 1973 parliamentary elections, the Awami League gained
an absolute majority. A nationwide famine occurred during 1973 and 1974,
[16] and in early 1975, Mujib initiated a one-party socialist rule with his newly formed
BAKSAL. On 15 August 1975, Mujib and most of his family members were assassinated by mid-level military officers.
[30]
Vice President Khandaker Mushtaq Ahmed was sworn in as President with
most of Mujib's cabinet intact. Two Army uprisings on 3 November and the
other on 7 November 1975 led to the reorganised structure of power.
Emergency was declared to restore order and calm, Mushtaq resigned and
the country was placed under temporary martial law, with three service
chiefs serving as deputies to the new president Justice Abu Sayem, who
also became the Chief Martial Law Administrator. Lieutenant General
Ziaur Rahman,
took over the presidency in 1977 as Justice Sayem resigned. President
Ziaur Rahman reinstated multi-party politics, introduced free markets,
and founded the
Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). Zia's rule ended when he was assassinated by elements of the military in 1981.
[30]
Bangladesh's next major ruler was Lieutenant General
Hussain Mohammad Ershad,
who gained power in a coup on 24 March 1982, and ruled until 6 December
1990, when he was forced to resign after a revolt of all major
political parties and the public, along with pressure from Western
donors (which was a major shift in international policy after the fall
of the Soviet Union). Since then, Bangladesh has reverted to a
parliamentary democracy. Zia's widow,
Khaleda Zia,
led the Bangladesh Nationalist Party to parliamentary victory at the
general election in 1991, and became the first female Prime Minister in
Bangladeshi history. However, the Awami League, headed by
Sheikh Hasina, one of Mujib's surviving daughters, won the next election in 1996. It lost again to the Bangladesh Nationalist Party in 2001.
On 11 January 2007, following widespread political unrest spearheaded
by the Awami League, the Bangladesh civil and military establishment
supported the establishment of a neutral caretaker government. The
caretaker government was appointed to administer the next general
election. The country had suffered from extensive corruption,
[31]
disorder and political violence. The caretaker government made it a
priority to root out corruption from all levels of government. To this
end, many notable politicians and officials, along with large numbers of
lesser officials and party members, were arrested on corruption
charges. The caretaker government held what it itself described as a
largely free and fair election on 29 December 2008.
[32] The Awami League's Sheikh Hasina won with a landslide in the elections and took the oath of Prime Minister on 6 January 2009.
[33]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh#History
ব্লক করা ওয়েবসাইট দেখার জন্য যে ওয়েবসাইট ব্যবহার করা হয় তাকে প্রক্সি
সাইট বলা হয়। এই প্রক্সি সাইট দিয়ে ব্লক করা বা নিষিদ্ধ সব সাইটে সহজেই
প্রবেশ করা যায়। ইন্টারনেটে এরকম শত শত প্রক্সি সাইট রয়েছে, যা দিয়ে
ডোমেইনের মাধ্যমে ব্লক করা সাইট দেখা যায় সহজেই। এই প্রক্সি সাইটগুলোর
মধ্যে 
